Kids Nature Camp

Kids Nature Camp, the camp where the kids are left with the nature is the type of the camp which helps the kids in understanding everything about the nature. Taking your kids again and again to the Disneyland might help you to cope-up with the demands of your kids and it won't help your kids to understand about the planet Earth and all about environment and the nature. Nature has given us everything and our existence is all because of the nature. Some of us do understand the fact that nature must be respected and the mankind can't take the nature for granted. Though, you might be aware of this fact but you have to let your kids know
about this as they are going to be the generation of the future.

Living in the cities and going through the urban life sometimes make the kids ignorant about the nature and the surroundings. They should be left close to the nature where they could make a decision and could make judgements about the nature themselves. Leaving your kids with their friends in the nature camp would be like a slice of cake for him. Kids nature camp leave your kids in surroundings where he just feels amazed about the gifts, the nature has given us. 

Through the nature camp, kids get to know all about nature and the activities which are related to the nature like bird watching and jungle safari. Kid's nature camps could be held anytime during the whole year but it is often held during the spring season as rainy and summer seasons are not too good for the kids to wander around the jungles and the mountains. Kids nature camp the camp where kids get to know about information related to the nature which was not known by them even it was there in the books. 

Reason behind this weird fact is that kids learn better just by looking at things rather than reading it from the book. If your kids are getting information about endangered species of birds, then bird watching which is one of the activities of nature camp becomes an important activity for the kids. Some of the other activities which your kids can participate in are jungle safari, rappelling, mountain climbing. 

Since your kids would be left alone in the jungle or near the mountains along with the kids of their age, thus the nature camp needs experienced people who can take care of the kids very well. Fortunately, Kids nature camp has a team of experienced people who know everything about the mountains and the jungles. Moreover, your kids become close to the nature and come to know about the reality of life.

There are many nature camps held all over the various jungles and the mountains. You should not bother much about the safety of the kids as the kids are taken care of by the staff of the Kids nature camp. It's going to be one of the best experience for your kids.

By : jamesroshinile - About the Author:

Frolic Boonies Organize Outdoor Nature Camping for kids in the month of April / May at a beautifull campus near Ooty. Some of the fun activities held at Frolic boonies summer camp near bangalore include bird watching , Jungle safari, Horse riding ,Stream fishing , Aeromodelling , Astronomy , Chocolate making etc .

Methodology for Assessment of Natural Hazard Vulnerability in U.s. Coastal Zone Using Remote Sensing

INTRODUCTION
Coastal zone is defined as "the coastal waters (including the lands therein and thereunder) and the adjacent shorelands (including the waters therein and thereunder), strongly influenced by each other and in proximity to the shorelines of the several coastal states, and includes islands, transitional and intertidal areas, salt marshes, wetlands, and beaches." Coastal locations were some of the first settled in the country, and have always accounted for a major percentage of the overall population. They were the primary centers for transportation, tourism, recreation, commercial fishing, and other industry. This coastal zone remains a crucial segment of the nation’s overall economy. A variety of natural hazards regularly threaten this coastal zone. Severe meteorological events such as hurricanes, tropical cyclones, and nor’easters are particularly harsh on coastal areas, often resulting in damages from high winds, storm surge, flooding, and shoreline erosion. Tsunamis, whose destructive force is characterized by potentially devastating flood inundation, are uniquely coastal events resulting from offshore earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic activity. Coastal locations are also subjected to the impacts of long-term hazards such as chronic coastal erosion, potential sea-level rise, and global climate change. 

Coastal hazard events can significantly affect or even alter the natural environment. Their impacts are generally not considered to be "disastrous" unless they involve damages to human populations and infrastructure. When people and property are not present, hazards are merely natural processes that alter the environment. When people and property is present then the impacts of hazards are viewed quite differently. The primary focus is no longer on the natural processes associated with a major hazard event, but instead on the disastrous results that can be measured by lives lost, property damages, and economic and environmental impacts. 

The impacts of natural hazards are becoming increasingly costly and devastating. Hazard impacts on the natural environment become more devastating because human development has altered the ability of natural systems to recover from such events. Experts believe that the statistics on disaster losses continue to rise worldwide due to a combination of factors that include a rise in the number of hazard events due to global climate change or natural cyclical trends, and an increase in human exposure in hazardous locations. 

Some of the decrease in disaster damages worldwide could also be the result of improvements in disaster monitoring and reporting capabilities, particularly in developing countries. But disaster loss increases in the United States seem to be most closely tied to increased human exposure in high risk areas such as the nation’s coasts.

The United States has an expansive and diverse coastline that supports a disproportionate percentage of the nation’s population. The nation’s 451 coastal counties contain just over 50 percent of the U.S. population, yet only account for about 20 percent of the total U.S. land area. During the last decade, 17 of the 20 fastest growing counties were located along the coast. In addition, 19 of the 20 most densely populated counties in the nation are coastal counties. These coastal counties possess economic gain through natural resources, maritime trade and commerce. These coastal counties also possess economic loss due to the natural hazards, overexploitation and exponential population growth. An assessment of both the economic gain and economic loss is briefly discussed as follows.

Economic gain in U.S. coastal zone
Nature article (May 1997), a group of ecologists estimated the value on ecosystem in the coastal zone. They estimated that the worth of the services for marine ecosystems is approximately $21 trillion per year. According to Sea Technology magazine, the value of goods and services sold by the ocean/marine industry was estimated in 1995 as $60 billion annually. Offshore oil and gas production has become very important and the 1996 value was more than $8 billion and the annual offshore production is increasing. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 77 million pounds (meat weight) of shellfish were harvested from U.S. coastal waters in 1995, with a dockside value of $200 million.

Current NOAA estimates concerning the recreational uses of U.S. coastal areas includes: approximately 94 million people boat and fish annually; the average American spends 10 recreational days on the coast each year; The coasts (excluding the Great Lakes coastline) support 25,500 recreational facilities; More than 180 million Americans visited ocean and bay beaches in 1993; Recreational fishing contributes $13.5 billion annually to the U.S. 
economy; Coastal recreation and tourism generate $8 to $12 billion annually.

Economic loss in U.S. coastal zone
Disaster losses in the United States coastal zone are currently estimated conservatively at $50 billion annually. The disaster loss between 1975 and 1994 is estimated as $500 billion. 80 percent of the losses were imposed by meteorological events and 10 percent were the result of earthquakes and volcanoes. A great earthquake (magnitude 8 or larger) has not struck a major metropolitan area since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. An extreme or catastrophic hurricane (Class 4 or 5) has not directly struck a major urban area since the one that hit Miami, Florida, in 1926. Yet even without such disasters, which might create losses well over $100 billion, the overall costs of natural hazards, such as extreme weather, drought, and wildfires, are estimated at $54 billion per year for the past 5 years, or approximately $1 billion per week. In the United States, the direct costs to repair the damage average about $20 billion per year, of which over $15 billion is due to tornadoes, hurricanes, floods and earthquakes.

The FEMA coastal erosion study conducted by The Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment estimates that approximately 25 percent of homes and other structures within 500 feet of the U.S. coastline and the shorelines of the Great Lakes will fall victim to the effects of erosion within the next 60 years. Especially hard hit will be areas along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines, which are expected to account for 60 percent of nationwide losses. The report estimates that costs to U.S. homeowners will average more than a half billion dollars per year, and that additional development in high erosion areas will lead to higher losses. Thirty-four floods have been reported in Wake County (data source: NDCD and SHELDUS). The total coastline of mapped shoreline of Gulf of Mexico coast is about 8058 km out of which 3387 kms is in very high risk, 1056 kms is in high risk, 2968 km is in moderately risk and 547 kms is in low risk category due to sea level rise. So the 42 % of the coast line is in high risk, 37 % moderate risk and 8 % low risk (Robert Thieler et.al. 2001). 

Hurricane Mitch, one of the most powerful and damaging storms experienced in Central America, struck between 26 October and 1 November 1998. A Category V hurricane, the event was characterized by intensive rainfall and high winds, dumping a year’s worth of precipitation in less than one week on the region, causing the overflow of rivers, floods, mudslides and landslides. Thousands of people were killed and left homeless. Mitch caused billions of dollars of damage, and left huge tasks of reconstruction, resulting in the loss of decades of development efforts in the region. 

The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) estimates that the direct cost of replacing the lost and damaged infrastructure in the region after Hurricane Mitch is some US$5,000 million (Caballeros, 1999).

Recent large-scale disasters such as Hurricane Mitch and Georges, and the earthquake in Armenia, Colombia have demonstrated the vulnerability of society. It is widely recognized that recent population growth, rapid urbanization and the socioeconomic structure in Central America have increased vulnerability of these countries to natural hazards.

These disasters faced by the inhabitants both by natural and anthropological effects lead to the formation of legislation / laws to govern.

Legislation & major acts in U.S. Coastal Zone
The economic loss and economic yield as such felt by the inhabitants of the Earth has resulted in the formation of legislation. This legislation is framed for the sustainable use of the available natural resources. When the loss is severe or the gain is enormous; the laws needs some revision hence they were amended periodically. Some of the Laws and Acts pertaining to U.S. coastal zone were National Environmental Policy Act, Clean water Act, Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, Ocean Dumping Act of 1972, Water Resources Development Act of 1996, Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 Endangered Species Act 1973, Nation wise Invasive Species Act of 1996, Oil Pollution Act of 1990, Comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act of 1980, Rivers and Harbor Act of 1899, The Submerged Lands Act of 1953, The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934, Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 and The Coastal Barriers Resources Act of 1982. 
Hence in order to amend these laws the integration in different fields is attempted and discussed as follows.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Assessment of Natural Hazard 
Natural hazard is a phenomenon which occurs in proximity and poses a threat to people, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. They are caused by meteorological, biological, geological, seismic, hydrological, or conditions or processes in the natural environment. Hazard assessment is the process of estimating, for defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially - damaging phenomenon of given magnitudes within a specified period of time. Hazard assessment involves analysis of formal and informal historical records, and skilled interpretation of existing meteorological, topographical, geological, geomorphologic, hydrological, and land-use maps.

Office of United Nations Development Relief Organization (UNDRO), defines the term vulnerability as: “The degree of loss to a given element or set of elements at risk resulting from the occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a given magnitude. It is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage)”. The vulnerability of an element is usually expressed as a percentage loss (or as a value between 0 and 1) for a given hazard severity level. The measure of loss used depends on the element at risk, and accordingly may be measured as a ratio of the numbers of persons killed or injured to the total population, as a repair cost or as the degree of physical damage defined on an appropriate scale. In a large number of elements, like building stock, it may be defined in terms of the proportion of buildings experiencing some particular level of damage. 

Assessment is an interdisciplinary process under-taken in phases and involving on-the-spot surveys and the collation, evaluation and interpretation of information from various sources concerning both direct and indirect losses, short- and long-term effects. It involves determining not only what has happened and what assistance might be needed, but also defining objectives and how relevant assistance can actually be provided to the victims. It requires attention to both short-term needs and long-term implications.

The United States is becoming more vulnerable to natural hazards mostly because of changes in population and national wealth density. Due to this, people and infrastructure have become concentrated in disaster-prone areas. Natural Hazards threaten the sustainable development of United States, destroying years of development efforts and investments, placing new demands on society for reconstruction and rehabilitation, and shifting development priorities away from long-term goals while immediate needs are met. For most of the 20th century, the United States has largely spared the expense for catastrophic natural disaster. Significant progress has been made in understanding the various impacts that hazards produce on human and natural environments. Numerous research activities have been undertaken following the major hazard events of the past few years. Unfortunately, much of this research is piecemeal and has not been incorporated into any type of comprehensive database on disaster losses. 

Natural hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes do not have to become natural disasters. With proper planning, including proper environment management, much of the risk can be reduced. The risks posed by natural hazards in United States are exacerbated by social and environmental trends such as rapid urbanization and unplanned human settlements, poorly engineered construction, lack of adequate infrastructure, poverty, and inadequate environmental practices such as deforestation and land degradation. 

Given the significant costs of the nation’s catastrophic natural disasters, focus has shifted in recent years to expand beyond emergency preparedness and response to include a more long-term emphasis on disaster loss reduction. Hence it requires for a quantitative assessment of natural hazards vulnerability for coastal zone. This quantitative assessment of natural hazards is aimed to minimize either an individual’s or a community’s vulnerability to future disaster damages. Over the years, progress has been made in reducing hazard impacts through better predictions, forecasts, and warnings, particularly for meteorological hazards such as coastal storms and floods. General improvements in hurricane and tsunami prediction, and river and lake level forecasting, have been possible using the latest in computer modeling technology. NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS) is currently working with several new technological systems that are intended to significantly improve future flood forecasting capabilities. Though there were lot of techniques available to assess vulnerability due to natural hazard quantitatively still it is necessary to acknowledge the scientific and technological information needs throughout the various hazards-related disciplines and integration. Although significant progress has been made in the research and science associated with natural hazards during the past 20 years, and improvements in technology and understanding about natural hazards and how to access its vulnerability quantitatively requires a real-time networked scientific database. 

Universities and research institutions (particularly the National Science Foundation), along with government agencies such as NOAA and USGS that maintain scientific hazards-related responsibilities, have contributed to advances in the scientific study of natural hazards. There is now more quantitative information available about the origins and behavior of hazard events but the concept of integration of the available data sets is lagged. 

This study is to integrate all the fields acting in coastal zone for the assessment of vulnerability. Maps delineating hazard-prone areas at national, state, and local levels are needed to provide more comprehensive hazards assessment using information on a variety of natural phenomena, including coastal storms, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, typhoons, landslides, wildfires, drought, earthquakes, etc. Much of this information already exists, but issues such as data integration, compatibility, scales, accuracy, and resolution need to be addressed to make the information useful at the local level. Better methodologies and models are also needed for conducting hazard vulnerability assessments that can incorporate highly variable local conditions and characteristics. This calls for the site specific models for better estimates. 

Computer-based geographic information systems could be used to analyze hazards information and provide national risk assessment data to state and local governments in quick and easy manner. Specific models could be generated by using the GIS software. New high-resolution remote sensing capabilities could be examined for use in large-scale risk and vulnerability assessment. Hence, remote Sensing and GIS is to be intergrated and modeled for the assessment of quantitative natural hazard vulnerability. 

Improvements in monitoring, data collection, and data processing account for most of the advancements made in short-term weather-related forecasting. Better modeling capabilities, along with a more thorough understanding of variables, such as global climate change and sea-level rise, are needed to improve long-range forecasting and planning for coastal hazard impacts. 

GIS integration / modeling for natural hazard vulnerability
GIS is one of the powerful tools which can be used for the assessment of Natural Hazards Vulnerability (NHV). Due to these techniques, natural hazard mapping and vulnerability assessment could be performed for the coastal zone. These maps will help the authorities for quick assessment of potential impact of a natural hazard and initiation of appropriate measures for reducing the impact. This data will help the planners and decision-makers to take positive steps in time. 

GIS applications in the coastal zone are diversified and case-based. Applications studies such as (a) coastal mapping, (b) environmental monitoring, (c) coastal process modelling, (d) navigation and port facilities management, (e) coastal environmental / hazard assessment, (f) coastal management / strategic planning, and (g) coastal ecological modeling could be done through GIS. 

Coastal Mapping is mainly focused on thematic mapping in the coastal zone, such as mapping chlorophyll concentration using TM data (Chen et al. 1996). Environmental monitoring is one of the routine tasks in CZM, which include monitoring water quality and habitat/biodiversity, and beach watch. Coastal processes modeling of physical environment change in the coastal zone includes the simulation of effects of sea-level rise (Ruth and Pieper 1994, Grossman and Eberhardt 1992, Zeng and Cowell 1998, 1999, Hennecke 2000), the assessment of human intervention of shoreline change (Huang et al. 1999), the use of historical data to predict future coastline change (Sims et al. 1995) and the study of beach morphodynamics (Humphries and Ligdas, 1997). There are another two subcategories of the applications of hazards, namely, short-term and long-term tasks. The former is exemplified with monitoring and predicting oil spill (Belore, 1990), while the latter is demonstrated by coastal hazard / vulnerability assessment due to climate change (Lee et al. 1992, Sims, et al., 1995; Deniels et al. 1996, Hickey et al. 1997, Zeng and Cowell 1999, Hennecke et al. 2000, Esnard et al. 2001). Coastal management / strategic planning involve assessing sustainability of the environment, social and economic viability. The above said studies carried out in coastal zone are to be integrated using remote sensing and GIS for analysis.

The categories of GIS applications in coastal zone could be broadly categorized into three levels.

a) Level 1: as data management and mapping tools,
b) Level 2: as basic data analysis (query) and mapping tools, and
c) Level 3: as decision-supporting tools (modelling / simulation).

Most current implementations of Coastal GIS are still at Level 1 and Level 2. It is expected that Level 3 implementations will rapidly increase in the near future as the continuing improvement in GIS functions and more user-friendly interface become available in the market. Hence for the study of Quantitative Assessment of Natural Hazard Vulnerability Level 3 application is to be adopted.

The two basic approach / analysis, which should be followed for geospatial database development were given below.
Integrated approach:
a) integration of different level of application,
b) integration of vector and raster (data and functions),
c) integration of knowledge of different expertise, and
d) integration of different scales in time and space.

Because of the nature of integration, GIS applications should consider long-term integration. This includes the vertical integration that involves different application (and potential) levels, and horizontal integration that involves other interest groups. Therefore, issues must be addressed from database design, data sharing to tool-making (analysis functions) and experience sharing.

Multi-criteria analysis
a) multi - factors controls
Since coastal system has a complex hierarchical structure with multi-forcing exerting on each of subsystem, no mater which aspect of the system to be investigated, multi-variable analysis is an essential methods in the coastal environment.
b) multi - discipline approach for decision Other than the multi-factors, there are multiple interest groups of coastal community, therefore, good solutions to any coastal issues can only be derived from multidiscipline approach.

Output of the analysis
I. Historical and real-time information with respect to natural hazards will be gathered by satellite remote sensing, aerial photographs and by other conventional means and integrated with GIS RDBMS. This results in an extensive geo- database.
II. Through the modeling technique and by using the GIS RDBMS we can evaluate the likelihood of experiencing specific natural hazard in the future, and an estimation of intensity and probable level of impact.
Each natural hazard will be evaluated for three characteristics:
1. Likelihood of Occurrence, i.e., expected frequency;
2. Likely Range of Impact, i.e., predictable size and location of impact; and
3. Probable Level of Impact, i.e., estimated strength and damage potential.
III. The level of severity of natural hazards will be quantified in terms of the magnitude of the occurrence as a whole (event parameter) or in terms of the effect the occurrence would have at a particular location (site parameter).
IV. For quantitative natural hazard vulnerability, some weight value has to be added to the attribute column (slope, subsurface geology, current action, wave action, meterology, wind action etc). The values that will be given in the attribute columns could be calculated with the help of the equation 1 modeled in GIS environment. 
Natural hazard = (Wgeology + Wslope + Wwind + Wmeteo + Wsiesmisivity 
+ Wgeomorphology + Wetc…) (1)
Based on the above formula, natural hazard vulnerability values could be retrieved by clicking on any land parcels from the coastal zone map. Such kind of values will have no meanings for the end users. To make the result more acceptable, a separate domain is to be created in which the resultant values will be divided into three classes: very high, high, moderate and low hazard areas
Weights Class:
Values below than 30 Low hazard Area
Values between 30-40 Moderate Hazard Area
Values between 40-50 High Hazard Area
Values between 50-60 Very High Hazard Area
V. Hazard mitigation plan is to be developed and it will possess these five steps – 
• identification of natural hazards that could impact the community, 
• assessment of the community’s vulnerability to natural hazards, 
• assessment of the community’s capability to respond to a natural disaster, 
• assessment of the community’s current policies and ordinances that affect hazard mitigation, and 
• development of hazard mitigation strategies that can be implemented to reduce future vulnerability.
VI. By using all the above factors site specific models for the assessment of natural hazard vulnerability could be generated using GIS for U.S. coastal zone. This will serve as an input for further amendment of legislation concerned with U.S coastal zone.

CONCLUSION
U.S. coastal counties possess economic gain through natural resources, maritime trade and commerce and economic loss through natural hazards, overexploitation and exponential population growth. About 80 percent of the losses were by meteorological events and 10 percent were by earthquakes and volcanoes. Hence in order to minimize the loss due to natural hazard a computer based geospatial database methodology is adopted for natural hazards information retrieval and to provide national risk assessment data to the state and local governments. Site specific models were proposed for U.S. coastal zone by integrating GIS software and high-resolution remote sensing to quantify the large-scale risk and vulnerability. This modeling study could also be applied to developing countries such as India, Pakistan, Srilanka etc. for the natural hazard vulnerability assessment in their coastal zones.

Read more: http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/methodology-for-assessment-of-natural-hazard-vulnerability-in-us-coastal-zone-using-remote-sensing-403939.html#ixzz16BUzh8bW 
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By : K. Selvavinayagam - About the Author:

The Author is a Project Manager in Stesalit Inc.
http://www.stesalit-inc.com/userexperience.html

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Natural Computation-A Philosophy.

Oluwayomi.O.Oluwadara,

School of Technology,

St Patrick's College,

W1F 8FS,London

1st June 2010.

Abstract: This piece clearly highlights the philosophy behind the field of natural Computation. It goes further to evaluate some basic computational architectures that are nature inspired

Background

The present day computing has provided solutions to almost every task man can think of except for the "tomorrow world"-the stage of ubiquitousness. Sequel upon this, the challenge of the future is to harness all it takes to make natural computing work for us. Proponents of natural computing has discovered that the present day Alan Turin-Von Neumann architecture (classical model) enclosed in its silicon casing alone can not take us to the envisioned "tomorrow world". As a result of this, attention was shifted from this architecture to that of natural computing. It must be stressed that this current classical model has tried reaching this "tomorrow world" with the current trend. Products of their effort have resulted in Neural Networks (Simulating the functionality of the brain), Evolutionary Computing (Emulating the nature), Quantum Computing (has to do with the universe) and DNA computing. These asides, researches are still on going on how the current classical model could be abandoned in order to achieve al the goals of natural computing.

In essence, computer scientists are trying to achieve the "tomorrow world" using the current classical model in diverse areas, while there are on going efforts to abandon this classical model for some other ones in order to achieve the goal of ubiquitousness.

Why Natural Computing.

Only natural computing seem to proffer a lasting solution to the human desire for the overwhelming desire to achieve a perfect digitalized world which I will seldomly refer to as tomorrow world. According to De Castro (2006), natural computing is the terminology introduced to encompass these three types of approaches, named, respectively: 1) computing inspired by nature: 2) the simulation andemulation of natural phenomena in computers: and 3) computing with natural materials.

A major reason that substantiates the idea of further study and research in natural computing is not far fetched. There must be a solution for complex tasks that could not be readily computable .For example, task of making human decisions, task of making food in the kitchen e.t.c As a result of this, the simulation of how nature solves this kind of problem is helpful: this is where natural computing comes in. For the sake of brevity, natural computing can be described as a way of employing nature to solve ambiguous problems.

The Evolution of Natural computing.

I would say that natural computing has evolved from the era of Alan Turin- Von Neumann architecture for solving complex problems to the stage of Computational Biology. Scientist, after various researches concluded that the tomorrow world could be achieved by the complex interaction of Biology and Computer. As indicated by Lyngso (2001), computational biology is concerned with the use of computers for biological problems, most prominently problems in evolutionary and molecular biology. This area is also referred to as bioinformatics and these two terms are often used interchangeably. It can therefore be inferred that the combination of natural knowledge from nature-Biology coupled with computing will definitely provide an alternative to the existing architecture.

Simply put, natural computing is the act of building a computational model for problem solving that is nature inspired. As stated earlier, based on the current architecture, science has tried its hardest to compute naturally and based on this great effort, they have achieved success in the below application areas:

-Evolutionary Computing

-Neural Computing

-Swarm Computing.

Evolutionary Computing: This can be described as the computational solution method that is based on the finding of the renown biologist-Charles Darwin. Eiben and Smith (2007), claimed that Evolutionary Computing is the collective name for a range of problem-solving techniques based on principles of biological evolution, such as natural selection and genetic inheritance.  These techniques are being increasingly widely applied to a variety of problems, ranging from practical applications in industry and commerce to leading edge scientific research. One can infer from the author of this book that science has adapted the findings of the great Darwin to solve complex present day problems. It must also be recalled however that this experimentations are being carried out on "old" classical model. Derivatives and merits that arose as a result of evolutionary computing involves genetic algorithm, genetic programming, evolutionary hardware, artificial life and artificial immune system.

Neural Network /Computing:Neural networks are based on the parallel architecture of human brain. Basically, they are formed to simulate how the neurons in the human body work by transmitting signals from one to the other. A major difference between the human neurons and neural networks is that the former just take action naturally while the latter has to be trained. Mathematics has discovered the learning rate of training the neural network. It has been proved that if the error result is zero or so close to zero, neural network has learnt. As it turns out to be, they can also be described as some form of multiprocessor computer system with simple processing elements with a high degree of interconnection. Plus, they have got a simple scalar messages and adaptive interaction between elements. Neural Networks, because of their ability to learn (using certain learning algorithms) has been applied in diverse field in human endeavors. Common among them are face, voice and motion detection.

Recently, Jain (2010) proved that neural networks have also been widely synergized with other machine learning and complementary techniques to achieve improvements in robustness, adaptivity, and applicability.

Swarm Intelligence: Swarm intelligence can be likened to the scenario whereby the behavioral attitudes of social insects (ants, bees, termites e.t.c) are being computerized. A swarm has been defined as a set of (mobile) agents which are liable to communicate directly or indirectly (by acting on their local environment) with each other, and which collectively carry out a distributed problem solving. Based on this generalized concept of a swarm, French researchers have actually been able to simulate the termite's nest-building behavior on a computer by applying a very simple "stigmergic algorithm"Deneubourg et al. (1992).

It can therefore be inferred that swarm intelligence is a design framework based on social insect behavior. These social insects are unique in the way these simple individuals cooperate to accomplish complex difficult tasks. The idea behind this fact has been used to design certain algorithms that can be used to solve human complex problems. Currently the application of swarm intelligence is helping in resolving issues in mobile ad-hoc networks.

Classification of Natural Computing.

Although there are on-going research in natural computation, but experts has identified three major classes. They are computing with natural materials, simulation and emulation of natured inspired by computing and computing inspired by nature. It must be noted that each of them has gotten different application areas.

Nature Inspired Computing (NIC): In this scenario, solution to problems are designed after, or inspired by nature. It must ne noted that the solution, probably some kind of algorithm is implemented using the current architecture. As Indicated by world of computing, (2010), Nature Inspired Computing (NIC) is one that aims to develop new computing techniques after getting ideas by observing how nature behaves in various situations to solve complex problems. Research on NIChas opened new branches such as evolutionary computation, neural networks, artificial immune systems, swarm intelligence, and so on.

A primary subset of NIC is known as Biology Inspired Computing. Relative to normal computing, there are significant differences in biology inspired computing. The biological system seems to respond quite slowly but they do implement much higher-level operations. To justify the effort of researchers in this endeavor, an algorithm, inspired by ant colonies that exhibit swarm intelligence has already been developed. Apart from swarm intelligence algorithm. It must also be noted that NIC has also made measurable success in Genetic algorithms, Neural Networks, Artificial Intelligence systems and cellular automata.

As a recap, NIC-solution that are nature inspired are; according to World of Computing (2010); flexible that they can be applied to wide range of problems, so adaptable that they can deal with unseen data and capable of learning, so robust that they can handle incomplete data. They have decentralized control of computational activities.

Simulation and Emulation of nature by means of Computing

As the name implies, this branch of natural computing imitates the way nature solve problems and tend to apply computing to it. It simulates the biological solution to complex problems and solves real life problems by their corresponding computing solutions. Again, De Castro (2006) stated that there are two main approaches to the simulation and emulation of nature in computers: by using artificial lifetechniques or by using tools for studying the fractal geometry of nature. This simply means that either of those two applications can be adopted in providing a nature-simulated solution to solve complex problem.

Computing with Natural Materials: The current Alan Turing-Von Neumann architecture has been implemented on silicon casings and has really helped a lot. Frankly speaking, computer scientists have gone as far as trying to achieve the "tomorrow world" by using some ideas of natural computing with the existing architecture. The question that arises as a result of this endeavor is that, will it be possible to fully attain the stage of ubuquitoisness? However, it is no news that a separate architecture, based on molecules (membrane computing) that has negligible limit need to be in place to achieve the ultimate goal.

To this effect, there must be a replacement for the silicon based computers and I totally concur with current researchers that are trying to design computers with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-DNA computing, RNA (ribonucleic acid) and machines that will not allow quantum effects. As indicated in Mendonca (2006), DNA computing is one particular component of a large field called molecular computing that can be broadly defined as the use of (bio) molecules and bimolecular operations to solve problems and to perform computation. It was introduced by L. Adleman in 1994 when he solved an NP-complete problem using DNA molecules and bimolecular techniques for manipulating DNA.

Conclusion and Inference

Despite the current technology, and rapid advances in every field, there are still some problems that continue to elude scientists. From my own angle, a major concern is -will the current classical model alone be able to completely achieve the tomorrow world? Or, is there need for science to completely abandon this architecture and build from the nature to achieve the optimal result of natural computing.

So far, science has despite the limits of the Alan Turing-Von Neumann architecture, developed algorithms that attempts to solve problems that are so complex but readily solve by nature. The application of such is evident in neural computing, swarm intelligence e.t.c. In conclusion, I strongly concur to the fact that the overall shift to computing with natural materials will eventually be the best mechanism to achieving the "magic" of computational biology.

References.

De Casro, N. (2006), Fundamentals of natural computing: basic concepts, algorithms, and application, [online], Boca Raton, Chapman and Hall: Available from, http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N6iYpNVP9RgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Evoulution+of+natural+computing&ots=iiv19X9yjm&sig=y96f8Fw5CwPdMzOkW9VCOvJnm5U#v=onepage&q&f=false [Accessed:8/6/2010].

Lyngso, R.B, (2001), Computational Biology, A dissertation presented to the faculty of science as a second mandatory assignment in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree, University of Aarhus.

Mendonca, C, (2006); Review of Fundamentals of Natural computing, [Online], Available from http://research.cs.queensu.ca/home/akl/cisc879/2009/Fundamentals_of_natural_computing_an_overview.pdf

Eiben, A.E and Smith, J.E, (2007); Introduction to Evolutionary Computing,Jain,C.L, (2010); Advances in design and application of neural networks , In; Neural Computing And Application;, Volume 19, p.167-168,

Deneubourg, Jean-Louis, Guy Theraulaz and Ralph Beckers. (1992): Swarm-made architectures, in: Varela, Francisco and P. Bourgine (eds.), Toward a practice of autonomous systems. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Paris, 123-133. Cambridge: MIT Press.

By : Oluwayomi Oluwadara - About the Author:

Oluwayomi.O.Oluwadara,

School of Technology,

St Patrick's College,

W1F 8FS,London